In April 1953, he became commander of the 437th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, and assumed command of the 60th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron in August 1955. On Sept. 1, 1975, James was officially promoted to the rank of four-star general, becoming the first Black man to attain that rank in the U.S. military. James flew 78 combat missions into North Vietnam, many in the Hanoi/Haiphong area, and led a flight in the "Operation Bolo" MiG sweep in which seven Communist MiG-21s were destroyed, the highest total kill of any mission during the Vietnam War. Share this memorial using social media sites or email. Retired February 1978, Died February 25, 1978. "At the . It gradually attracted other neighborhood children. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7546886/dorothy-james. Use the table below to directly jump to and read about a movie that . Clearly, her youngest son took that to heart. James was born Feb. 11, 1920, in Pensacola, Florida, and was the youngest of 17 children. This relationship is not possible based on lifespan dates. Include gps location with grave photos where possible. Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. After a year as vice commander of the Military Airlift Command, in September 1975 James was promoted and became the first black four-star general in the Air Force. The effort has the full support of the James family says Dana James, daughter-in-law of Chappie James and widow of his son Lt. Gen. Daniel James, III. At 6'4" and 250 pounds, the athletic teen earned himself a football scholarship to the famed Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. When he was commander of NORAD, all of America had depended on James judgment and courage for survival in the face of nuclear threat, Reagan noted.He had four stars on his shoulder and 50 stars in his heart, Reagan said. You can vote. refi payment: $1,085/mo Refinance your loan Home value Owner tools Home details Neighborhood details Do you own this home? On Sept. 1, 1969, Gadhafi and his Free Officers Movement overthrew the king while he was on vacation in Turkey. Resend Activation Email. Gen. James' military decorations include the Defense Department's Distinguished Service Medal; the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with one Oak Leaf Cluster; the Legion of Merit with one Oak Leaf Cluster; the Distinguished Flying Cross with two Oak Leaf Clusters, and the Air Medal with 13 Oak Leaf Clusters. But signing a paper was one thing; actually producing integrated units in the force was another. Are you sure that you want to delete this photo? Sadly, Spud was killed in Korea. All photos appear on this tab and here you can update the sort order of photos on memorials you manage. How much do you know about the founding of the U.S. Army? Brother of Eloise James and Lillian Eunice James. herbicides containing imazaquin; top 50 richest cities in the world 2021; A system error has occurred. Sadly, James died on Feb. 25 24 days later due to a heart attack. The massive James Center is named for Tuskegee University's distinguished graduate, General Daniel "Chappie" James, the first Black American to achieve the rank of Four-Star General in the United States military. He flew combat missions during the Korean War and Vietnam War, and received the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, two Air Force Distinguished Service Medals, two Legions of Merit, three Distinguished Flying Crosses, a Meritorious Service Medal, and fourteen Air Medals. James graduated from Pensacola's Washington High School in 1937. cemeteries found in Arlington, Arlington County, Virginia, USA will be saved to your photo volunteer list. Richard Bayne receives an award from Air Force Gen. Daniel Chappie James Jr. during an assignment at Peterson Air Force Base, Colo., in the 1970s. There was a problem getting your location. Excerpts critical of the growing civil rights movement were read into the Congressional Record. "It was a helluva traffic pattern," Gen. James, who was commissioned an officer in the summer of 1943, recalled. The email does not appear to be a valid email address. After graduation, he remained at Tuskegee as a civilian instructor pilot in the Army Air Corps . cemeteries found within miles of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. He was assigned to the 18th Fighter Wing's 12th Fighter-Bomber Squadron, an integrated unit in the Philippines. Gen. Daniel "Chappie" James Jr was born in Pensacola, on February 11, 1920, one-hundred years ago today. He transferred to the 332nd Fighter Group when it replaced the 477th at Lockbourne Air Force Base in Ohio in July 1947, and he became a member of the 301st Fighter Squadron. He then enlisted in the Aviation Cadet Program of the United States Army Air Forces on January 18, 1943, receiving his commission as a second lieutenant and pilot wings at Tuskegee Army Airfield, Alabama, on July 28, 1943. Previously sponsored memorials or famous memorials will not have this option. In December 1977, James took over as special assistant to the U.S. Air Force chief of staff, but he retired two months later on Feb. 1, 1978, for health reasons. Background Lt. Gen. Daniel James III was the director of the Air National Guard from 3 June 2002 to 20 May 2006 and is the son of famed General Daniel "Chappie" James, Jr who died in 1978 of a . He was given numerous awards and honors in his life in recognition for his life of service. Baracus on "The A-Team," Mr. T was a member of the biggest team of them all -- the U.S "I was the guy who makes you scrub the latrine, the guy who makes you make your bed, the guy who screams at you for being Copyright 2023 Military.com. He can also be found on Twitter @blakestilwell or on Facebook. He wore cowboy boots with his flying suit and had a handlebar mustache. In that capacity, he was responsible for the air defense of North America, including both Canada and the United States, and for providing warning and assessment of hostile bomber or missile attacks. He was the first black to be so honored. The Department of Defense provides the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security. The oldest of the two sons, Daniel. Your new password must contain one or more uppercase and lowercase letters, and one or more numbers or special characters. Retired Air Force General Daniel (Chappie) James, 58, the only four-star black general in the American military, died yesterday at the Air Force Academy Hospital near Colorado Springs after suffering a heart attack. Following this escalation, James closed the gates of the base. And she added lots of other commandments for her son, including: "Prove to the world that you can compete on an equal basis.". I was inspired by the discussion in another thread about the minor characters that we come to love in the Bond movies. Daniel James Sr. worked for the Pensacola city gas company, while his mother, Lillie Anna James, was a high school teacher who established a private school for her own and other Black children in Pensacola, Florida. Relations between Libya and the U.S. were warm and healthy under King Idris, but discontent was brewing among the king's senior government leadership, especially with one ambitious officer, Col. Moammar Gadhafi. [5] James did not see combat himself until the Korean War.[6][7]. Although the family lived in a low-income neighborhood, his mother ran a school described as prestigious, providing the family with a middle-class lifestyle. He graduated from the Air Command and Staff College in June 1957. Gadhafi wisely backed down and removed the half-tracks, leaving James and the Air Force to complete the orderly withdrawal of American personnel and materiel from Libya. To use this feature, use a newer browser. For the first time, the F-4s were also equipped with ECM pods to deceive the enemys missile and flak acquisition and tracking radars, according to Aces and Aerial Victories, an official history of USAF in Southeast Asia. The center includes the James Center Arena, where the school's basketball teams currently play. General James's son, Lt. Gen. Daniel James III, also served in the United States Air Force as a fighter pilot and . No animated GIFs, photos with additional graphics (borders, embellishments. Photo: USAF. Please enter your email and password to sign in. He went on to rule Libya until 2011, leaving behind a legacy of mismanagement and funding for international terrorism that has left the country in disarray in the years after his bizarre death at the hands of Libyan rebels. Leaders are made, they are not born. But at the time of his death he and his family had not yet established a firm residence. Gen. James stayed in the Army after World War II, stuck in the rank of first lieutenant for six years. "If I could write the script for my life all over again, of how I wanted it to go, I don't know of anybody else who has been able to do precisely what he set out to do and what he wanted to do, and what he had the most fun doing and that he felt the most sense of accomplishment at having done, than I have. Daniel "Chappie" James Jr. as an F-4 pilot during the Vietnam War. He would fly 78 combat missions in Vietnam. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. Copyright 2023. And they make themselves through total dedication and preparation.. He became the first black American four-star general. great white shark population graph; clarence gilyard net worth 2020 Chappie, as they called him a nickname that was his brother Charles' until Charles passed it down to him graduated high school in 1937. An official website of the United States Government. She took piano lessons from the daughter of Booker T. Washington (Mrs. Portia Marshall Washington-Pittman) at the Tuskegee Institute . This browser does not support getting your location. At Tuskegee he got the chance. James returned to the United States, and in July 1951 went to Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts, as an all-weather jet fighter pilot with the 58th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, later becoming operations officer. Big enough to play tackle, he earned a football scholarship to Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. He took the job and eventually served as Lairds principal public affairs official. It is here that one of my personal favorite Chappie James moments happen. After 59 years, KC-135 Stratotanker tail code 63-7999 transitioned to its next careerthe aircraft boneyard at Davis-Monthan Air, A World War II-era bomber and fighter collided during an air show performance in Dallas on Nov. 12, killing six members of the Commemorative Air Force who were flying as pilots and crew. He once told a reporter, My mother used to say, Dont stand there banging on the door of opportunity then when someone opens it, you say, wait a minute, I got to get my bags. As deputy commander for operations and later vice wing commander of the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, he was reunited with ace pilot and wing commander Robin Olds, who James had met during his Pentagon years. This fighting black colonel who was four-square behind the Vietnam war did not escape the attention of Washinton officialdom, then under political siege, partly on charges that blacks were bearing a disproportionate share of the pain and death of that war. Please ensure you have given Find a Grave permission to access your location in your browser settings. [3] His wife Dorothy died in 2000 and is buried with him in Arlington. He retired in February 1978 and passed away later the same month. When the National Air & Space Museum in Washington, D.C., reopens to the public Oct. 14, it will showcase a T-38 Talon for the first time. The club closed every time the blacks entered. In 1969, after years training Black pilots during World War II and flying hundreds of combat missions over Korea and Vietnam, James was sent to Wheelus Air Base in Libya to command a fighter training wing. In 2020, the Pensacola Bay Bridge was renamed the General Daniel "Chappie" James Jr. Bridge, with Florida Governor Ron DeSantis signing the bill designating the bridge's name on June 2, 2020. In June 1967, under Colonel Robin Olds, he was named wing vice commander when Col. Vermont Garrison completed his tour. General Daniel James Jr., is special assistant to the chief of staff, U.S. Air Force. James was promoted to one-star status when he accepted the public affairs job. Daniel "Chappie" James Jr. was a lot of things over the course of his life: Tuskegee airman, Korean War fighter ace, the first Black four-star general in the U.S. armed forces -- and the man who almost shot and killed Libyan dictator Moammar Gadhafi. In Libya, he skillfully managed the difficult drawdown, flying assets out at night to clean out the base in time to turn it over. He served from 1995 to 2002 as the Adjutant General of the Texas National Guard (the first Black general to hold the post), and as Director of the Air National Guard from 2002 to 2006. James died shortly after he left service in 1978, but his accomplishments are worth celebration. By Sept. 1, 1974, James was promoted to lieutenant general when he assumed duty as vice commander of Military Airlift Command, based at Scott AFB, Ill. On Sept. 1, 1975, he was promoted again, to four-star grade, as commander of North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), with operational command of all US and Canadian strategic aerospace defense forces. '", Gen. James, in another recollection of his Pensacola boyhood, once told a reporter that "as Bill Cosby says, we were poor, but we didn't know it. In September 1964, James was transferred to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, where he was director of operations training and later deputy commander for operations for the 4453rd Combat Crew Training Wing. Their face-to-face standoff became an Air Force legend. In July 1950 he left for Korea, where he flew 101 combat missions in F-51 Mustang and F-80 aircraft. James continued civilian pilot training under the government-sponsored Civilian Pilot Training Program. | Photographs show African American Air Force Major Daniel "Chappie" James, commander of the 437th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, at Otis Air National Guard Base in Massachusetts. Illustration: CAP/NEA. He was a Fighter Pilot and served in the military from 1943 - 1978. James flew 78 more combat missions in Southeast Asia, many of them through heavy flak. Hed served in the segregated Army Air Corps and taken advantage of one of the first opportunities offered to minorities, the training program at Tuskegee. After you proved that you have given 110 percent, [my father] would say, Good, lets start over. He experienced his first real dogfight while flying ground support in a P-51 Mustang, a prop aircraft, and was jumped by jet-powered MiGs. Jamesdied shortly after he left service in 1978, but his accomplishments are worth celebration. You can customize the cemeteries you volunteer for by selecting or deselecting below. Jamie Teachenor was living in Nashville in 2015 and browsing Craigslist for vintage guitars when he spotted the unlikely ad that led to his occupying a unique place in military history. Are you sure that you want to report this flower to administrators as offensive or abusive? Gen. Daniel "Chappie" James Jr. was the U.S. Air Force's first African American four-star general. road 96 security password stan and mitch road 96 security password stan and mitch He was assigned as commander of NORAD in Colorado. But his mother -- who founded and ran the Little A. James School at 1606 N. Alcaniz St. because she felt the school set aside for "colored" was unacceptable -- ordered young Chappie never to give up on his dreams. Our greatest weapon is one we have always possessed our heritage of freedom, our unity as a nation. It was this essay that earned him the George Washington Freedom Medal, And it was with this belief that Chappie James led his life by. During his time there, he took part in an unsuccessful attempt to. He completed fighter pilot combat training at Selfridge Field, Mich., but was not sent overseas. The moment passed without escalation, and a short time later James successfully completed the removal of 4,000 people and $21 million in assets from a base the US had hosted warplanes at since 1943. "I know Chappie and I know my husband is looking down on this with pride. Close this window, and upload the photo(s) again. Gen. Daniel (Chappie) James, Former NORAD Chief, Dies - The Washington Post Retired Air Force General Daniel (Chappie) James, 58, the only four-star black general in the American military,. His mother was unimpressed with the quality of the segregated public school he would have attended as a youngster, so she started her own. He figured at the time that to leap over the racial barrier he would have to go into the undertaking business. Keep supporting great journalism by turning off your ad blocker. It missed as the MiG broke hard left. Failed to remove flower. The venerable trainer gets a place in the museum thanks to aviation pioneer Jacqueline "Jackie" Cochran. He graduated from the Air Command and Staff College in 1957. Chappie James Memorial - Thou Shalt Not Quit! While many make arguments over if General Chappie James should be honored for his service few actually know why he is important to the city of Pensacola. Thursday February 8, 2018 10:30 AM Ft. Myer Old Post Chapel 204 Lee Ave Arlington, VA 22211 In addition to his academic studies, he enrolled in a government flight-training program offered through the school. [13] They had two sons and one daughter. In honor of the Air Force's birthday, we've put together this Air Force history quiz. He was persistent, tactically skillful and seen as a steady combat leader attributes that earned him his next role as the commander of the 7272nd Fighter Training Wing at Wheelus Air Base in Libya. He served from 1995 to 2002 as the Adjutant General of the . That rejection, in turn, bolstered the politically explosive myth that the communists deliberately were holding prisoners as hostages for some future leverage. [20] The bridge connects larger Pensacola with Gulf Breeze and the beachfront community of Pensacola Beach. The program was founded in 1996 when four licensed. Gadhafi expelled Libya's 12,000-strong Italian community and established the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, a "republic" with him holding most of the government's authority. "[10], He was awarded the George Washington Freedom Foundation Medal in both 1967 and 1968. He was transferred to Wheelus Air Base in the Libyan Arab Republic in August 1969 as Commander of the 7272nd Fighter Training Wing. It was his heroic stand in Libya that led President Nixon to nominate him for Brigadier General in 1970. Almost immediately Qaddafi began pushing to see what more he could get. Gen. Daniel R. "Chappie" James Jr. (1920-1978), a Tuskegee Airman who trained and served during World War II, in 1975 became the first African American to achieve the grade of four-star general. Mrs. James helped her husband overcome racism in the military and reach once unattainable heights. To make a wonderfully long story short, they lost.James returned to the US in December 1967 as a vice wing commander at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida. (Air Force photograph ) . He was named honorary national commander of the Arnold Air Society in 1971. His citation read " fighter pilot with a magnificent record, public speaker, and eloquent spokesman for the American Dream we so rarely achieve."[10]. He would not see combat until Korea. based on information from your browser. Operations continued normally, as did the withdrawal agreement, even after the coup. For memorials with more than one photo, additional photos will appear here or on the photos tab. Berry is General James' grandson. He was awarded honorary doctor of laws degrees from the University of West Florida in 1971; the University of Akron in 1973; Virginia State College in 1974; Delaware State College in 1975; and St. Louis University in 1976. They share conceptual similarities with this movie which we have explained in each description. When the Air Force began implementing its desegregation plan in 1949, James was finally sent overseas. We've created a quiz to test your ability to recognize military aircraft. The oldest of the two sons, Daniel James III, went on to have his own illustrious Air Force career. There is a problem with your email/password. He graduated from Washington High School in 1937 and would attend Tuskegee Institute where he earned his bachelor degree and completed the government sponsored Civilian Pilot Training Program. Which memorial do you think is a duplicate of Dorothy James (7546886)? At 6 feet, 4 inches tall and 250 pounds, the. She started her own school, which gradually attracted other neighborhood kids. In 1949, James was the flight leader for the 12th fighter-Bomber Squadron, 18th Fighter Wing, at Clark Field in the Philippines. Remove advertising from a memorial by sponsoring it for just $5. Chuck Norris, U.S. military veteran, and martial arts superstar began honing his skills in Korea while serving in the Air Before he went on to fame as B.A. There was an error deleting this problem. The James Center is the home court for Tigers basketball and volleyball programs. Photos larger than 8Mb will be reduced. In 1942, with the US already at war, he graduated from Tuskegee with a Bachelor of Science degree in physical education and a civilian pilot certification. His faith in God and his belief in his country, regardless of its problems provided him a solid base as he advanced in the military and fought for what he saw as an injustice. Weve updated the security on the site. James was determined to not be bullied out early, or to unnecessarily turn over vehicles and other valuable equipment. He was the second African American to become an Air Force general, after Benjamin O. Davis Jr. During this time, he became known more widely as a result of his patriotic articles and speeches. Daniel "Chappie" James, Jr. was born February 11, 1920 to parents Daniel and Lilly Anna James of Pensacola, Florida . It popped out of the clouds right on time, five minutes after Olds. Air & Space Forces Magazine notes the deaths in 2022 of a number of notable Airman and national security figures who have made a lasting contribution to air and space power through their leadership and technical expertise. James Ramis' likeness used in the Afterlife while Bob Gunton and Ivan Reitman served as body-doubles. His childhood birthplace at 1606 Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and operated as a state museum. This is a carousel with slides. Best Movies Like Maze Runner in 2022 The list mentions popular titles as well as a few underrated movies similar to Maze Runner. Everett T. Raspberry Jr. A few more maneuvers, and Raspberry put a Sidewinder up the MiGs tailpipe. To add a flower, click the Leave a Flower button. At his farewell press conference at the Pentagon on Jan. 25, Gen. James said "absolutely not" when asked if his letter accelerated his retirement. As manager of this memorial you can add or update the memorial using the Edit button below. Laird brought Gen. James to the Pentagon, where in 1970 he became deputy assistant secretary of Defense for public affairs. Make sure that the file is a photo. Throughout his life James credited his teacher mom with drilling into his head the importance of effort, preparation, and character. In September 1974, James took over as vice commander of the Military Airlift Command based at Scott Air Force Base,Illinois. Individuals abroad and more In 1954, he received the Massachusetts Junior Chamber of Commerce "Young Man of the Year" award for his outstanding community relations efforts. It was during this time that James and Robin Olds were in charge and their men affectionately nicknamed the pair Blackman and Robin. In 1967 he was transferred to Eglin Air force base. James played drums and Taylor saxophone. Most of them are making a career out of being black.They don't know what suffering is.". Found more than one record for entered Email, You need to confirm this account before you can sign in. He acknowledged during one interview that some young blacks felt he had made it to the top by letting himself be used as a 6-foot-4 puppet of the white establishment -- an "oreo." Died February 25th, 1978 in Colorado Springs, CO. Gen. Daniel "Chappie" James James was born on February 11, 1920, in Pensacola, Florida, to Daniel and Lillie James; he was the youngest of 17 children. Air Force Lt. Gen. Daniel James III receives the Distinguished Flying Cross from his father, Air Force Gen. Daniel "Chappie" James Jr., for his actions during the Vietnam War. Daniel James, Jr. was born in 1920 in Pensacola, Florida, when the city was still segregated. Buried in Arlington National Cemetery. In 2020, the Pensacola Bay Bridge was officially named the Gen. Daniel "Chappie" James Bridge, and a group of local veterans are raising funds to erect a statue in his honor. cemeteries found within kilometers of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. This operation pitted the U.S. F-4 Phantom II against the MiG-21 and, because of the operation, the enemy re-evaluated their MiG-21 strategy and deployment. But I was being criticized before I had presented anything, so it was name calling. Resend Activation Email, Please check the I'm not a robot checkbox, If you want to be a Photo Volunteer you must enter a ZIP Code or select your location on the map. Learn more about merges. The sponsor of a memorial may add an additional. While serving in Lockbourne, James next served as a P-47 Thunderbolt pilot with the 301st Fighter Squadron from July 1947 to October 1948, and then served as on the staff of the 332nd Air Base Group at Lockbourne from November 1948 to September 1949. Gen. James' fight for equal rights started early in life, before it was popular. Unbeknownst to Olds, enemy ground control had delayed MiG takeoffs by 15 minutes due to overcast skies. James thought that to overcome the racial barriers of the era he might have to become an undertaker to earn a stable living. On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981, officially integrating US armed forces. He retired from the Air Force in 1978, one of the service's most storied alums. The MiGs reacted as we had hoped, said Olds at a news conference in Saigon a short time later. Oops, we were unable to send the email. Olds led the first flight, appearing right on time on target over Phuc Yen, northwest of Hanoi, at 3:00 p.m. local time. Are you sure that you want to remove this flower? He returned to Otis Air force Base in Massachusetts in 1951 where he would eventually command the 60th FIS by 1955. Use Escape keyboard button or the Close button to close the carousel. He would go on to serve several positions of leadership for roughly the next 10 years. By early 1953 he was a squadron commander. Eventually James flew 101 Korea combat missions in P-51s and F-80s. His scheduled speech was to be part of what Defense Secretary Harold Brown, at Gen. James' retirement ceremony at the Pentagon on Jan. 26, called a "new phase" of the general's traditional "active behavior.". In 2019, he was chosen as the Class Exemplar for the U.S. Air Force Academy Class of 2022. You are nearing the transfer limit for memorials managed by Find a Grave. He was something, Laird said in an interview after leaving office. James was sent to Korea in July 1950 and completed 101 combat missions during his deployment. If she has any ills, I'll stand by her until in God's given time, through her wisdom and her consideration for the welfare of the entire nation, she will put them right. Daniel James Jr. was born in 1920 in Pensacola, Fla., the last of his parents 17 children. In May 1987, then-President Ronald Reagan traveled to Tuskegee Institute and spoke at the dedication of the Gen. Daniel Chappie James Jr. Center for Aerospace Science and Health Education. James met his wife, Dorothy Watkins, while they were both enrolled at Tuskegee. 0 cemeteries found in Arlington, Arlington County, Virginia, USA. What followed was a melee that might have been the greatest fighter battle of the Vietnam War. He got his final command at that time: commander in chief, North American Air Defense Command/Aerospace Defense Command. He wanted to fly. Renaming a bridge in honor of him is a great way to continue to honor a man who his whole life built bridges between whites and blacks and military and civilians. He grew up in Pensacola, Fla., in the 1920s when equal rights was still a distant dream. We have set your language to Eventually they recruited a piano player and formed a trio that would play at special events at Clark. Peter Grier, a Washington, D.C., editor for The Christian Science Monitor, is a longtime contributor to Air Force Magazine. A Tuskegee Airman, hed served in World War II and flown almost 200 combat missions in Korea and Vietnam. He was the recipient of numerous honorary degrees and accolades in addition to earning a Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal with seven Oak Leaf Clusters (equivalent to earning eight Air Medals), a Distinguished Unit Citation, a Presidential Unit Citation, and an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. Air Force Master Sgt. James was widely known for his speeches on Americanism and patriotism, for which he was editorialized in numerous national and international publications. James left the NORAD position in late 1977, after a little more than two years in the post. According to Air Force historian Howard E. Halvorsen, James was expelled from his academic studies at Tuskegee his senior year for going on too many "escapades" that were frowned upon by the institution. Add to your scrapbook. Daniel "Chappie" James Jr. (1920-1978) learned to fly at, James, then a second lieutenant, served with a squadron of the all-Black 332nd Fighter Group that trained at Selfridge Field, near Mount Clemens, Michigan; the pilots flew P-40 and later P-39 fighter planes.
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